Temperature stabilized voltage reference

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit voltage reference (V REF ) for MOS circuit utilization is supplied by the weighted difference amplification (30) of the voltages (V 1 , V 1  &#39;) developed by a pair of separate similar networks (10, 10&#39; or 100, 100&#39;) each of which comprises a base-emitter junction of a bipolar semiconductor transistor (T 1 ) whose emitter is connected to a first clocked voltage source (C 1 , C 2 , M 1 , M 2 ) in a feedback loop of a difference amplifier (A 1 ) and whose collector is connected to receive output of a second clocked voltage source (C 3 , C 4 , M 3 , M 4 ) and to deliver output to a first input terminal of the difference amplifier (A 1 ). In a preferred embodiment, a second input terminal of the difference amplifier (A 1 ) is supplied by the output voltage of an auxiliary voltage source (C 5 , C 6 , M 6 , M 7 , M 8 , M 9 ) which is in another feedback loop of this amplifier (A 1 ).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of semiconductor apparatus, and more particularly to MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) circuits for providing a voltage reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Semiconductor integrated circuits often require a voltage supply or voltage reference circuit for providing a predetermined voltage level. The actual voltage level, however, as furnished by such a reference circuit undesirably tends to fluctuate during operation because of temperature variations in an underlying semiconductor body in which the circuit is integrated and because of voltage fluctuations in the power supply for the circuit. On the other hand, in the semiconductor art of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuits, for example, a voltage reference is desirable which does not fluctuate in voltage level by more than typically about 0.005 volts or less. Therefore, steps must be taken to stabilize the reference circuit against temperature and power supply fluctuations.

In order to obtain a stable reference in either bipolar or complementary MOS (C-MOS) technology, the industry generally uses voltage references utilizing either the voltages associated with reverse breakdown phenomena in Zener diodes or the voltages provided by bandgap reference circuits. Such bandgap reference circuits are described, for example, in Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, Paul R. Gray and Robert G. Meyer, at pp. 249-261. In N-MOS (or N-channel) technology (which uses a P-type semiconductor substrate) none of the above-mentioned voltage references is feasible. More specifically, Zener diode reverse breakdown phenomena cannot easily be used because all PN junctions are designed to withstand the highest possible reverse voltage available on the semiconductor chip in which the circuits are all integrated; hence these junctions cannot readily be driven into reverse breakdown. Moreover, known bandgap reference circuits cannot easily be used since they require constantly forward biased junctions which are not easily obtainable because the P-type substrate of an N-MOS integrated circuit is connected to the most negative potential in the system, and thus the requisite constantly forward biased junctions cannot easily be obtained. Accordingly, to implement either reverse breakdown Zener or bandgap reference circuits in N-MOS technology would require additional costly fabrication steps, which would impair the economic advantage in N-MOS technology.

It would therefore be desirable to have a voltage reference circuit which can readily be fabricated in N-MOS technology.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, a voltage reference (V_(REF)) is furnished by weighted difference amplification (30) (FIG. 3) of the voltages (V₁, V₁ ') developed at the output terminals (11, 11') of difference amplifiers, (e.g., A₁) in a pair of separate networks (10, 10' in FIG. 1; 100, 100' in FIG. 4), each of said networks (e.g., 10 or 100) comprising a base-emitter PN junction of a semiconductor transistor device (T₁) whose emitter is connected to receive output of a first clocked voltage source (C₁, C₂, M₁, M₂, M₅) and whose collector is connected both to receive output of a second clocked voltage source (C₃, C₄, M₃, M₄) and to deliver output of said transistor (T₁) to a first input terminal (+) of a difference amplifier (A₁), and the output terminal (12) of the difference amplifier (A₁) being connected to an input terminal (18) of the first clocked voltage source in order that voltage be supplied to said first clocked source by said difference amplifier (A₁). In a preferred embodiment (100), which isolates V_(REF) from the voltage supply V_(DD), a second input terminal (-) of said difference amplifier (A₁), of opposite polarity from said first input terminal (+) thereof, is connected to receive output of a third voltage source (C₅, C₆, M₆, M₇, M₈, M₉) which is also supplied voltage by said difference amplifier (A₁). By properly selecting the weighting factors of the weighted amplification (30), the resulting voltage reference (V_(REF)) can also be made to be relatively stable against temperature fluctuations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This invention may be better understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the drawing in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of an electrical network for producing a first voltage (V₁) useful in a specific embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a sequence of phases of clock voltages useful in the operation of the network of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a circuit for producing a voltage reference in accordance with the invention; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of an electrical network for producing the first voltage (V₁) useful in a preferred specific embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a first network 10 which produces a first voltage V₁ at a first node 11. A second network 10', which is identical to the first network 10 except for the selection of different parameters for some or all of the various elements as described in more detail below, produces a second voltage V₁ ' at a second node 11' (FIG. 3). These first and second nodes 11 and 11' serve as input nodes of a weighted difference amplifier 30 (FIG. 3) in a voltage reference circuit 40 to produce, in accordance with the invention, the desired voltage reference V_(REF). This weighted difference amplifier 30 is typically formed by an operational amplifier A_(F), in combination with weighting capacitors C₇, C₈, C₉, and C₁₀, All these capacitors can advantageously be MOS capacitors.

As further shown in FIG. 1, MOSFET switching device elements M₁, M₃, and M₅ are controlled by a first clock pulse sequence φ₁ (FIG. 2) which periodically turns these devices "on" during repeated positive voltage pulse phases (N-MOS) technology); and MOSFET switching devices M₂ and M₄ are controlled by a second clock pulse sequence φ₂ which periodically turns these latter switching devices "on" during complementary (non-overlapping with φ₁) phases when the first sequence φ₁ turns "off" the devices M₁, M₃ and M₅. A bipolar transistor T₁, whose base is grounded ("zero" substrate bias potential level), has its high current collector-emitter path connected between nodes 15 and 14. Node 15 serves as an output terminal of a first clocked voltage pulse source formed by C₁, C₂, M₁, M₂ ; whereas node 14 serves as an output terminal of a second clocked pulse source formed by C₃, C₄, M₃ and M₄. This transistor T₁ will be "on" and will pass emitter-collector current only when the base-emitter voltage V_(BE) exceeds a threshold V_(BE).th ; that is, when the emitter is more negative than about -0.6 volt in the usual case of silicon semiconductor. A positive polarity input terminal (+) of a difference amplifier A₁ is connected to node 14 while an output terminal of this amplifier A₁ is connected to the node 11.

Advantageously, the amplifier A₁ is an operational type amplifier, that is, of very high input impedance, and very high gain β: a voltage gain factor in the range of typically about 5 to 20 or more. An output terminal 13 of a voltage divider resistor R supplies an input voltage V_(R), a predetermined fraction of a supply voltage V_(DD), as input to a negative polarity input terminal (-) of the difference amplifier A₁.

Typically, the amplifier A₁ is a MOSFET source follower amplifier; so that the MOSFET device of this amplifier together with the MOSFET devices M₁ . . . M₅, the bipolar transistor T₁, and the MOS capacitor C₁ . . . C₈ can be advantageously integrated in a single crystal semiconductor body as known in the art of integrated circuits. For proper operation, C₄ is selected to be much larger than C₃, advantageously by a factor of 100 or more.

During a phase of operation when transistor devices M₁, M₃ and M₅ controlled by the first clock sequence φ₁ are "on" and hence devices M₂ and M₄ controlled by the second clock sequence φ₂ are "off", the top plate of capacitor C₁ (connected to node 17 between M₁ and M₂) is at potential V₁ and its bottom plate grounded. The top and bottom plates of C₁ then carry charges equal to ±C₁ V₁, respectively, while both the plates of capacitor C₂ are grounded, so that these plates are thus completely uncharged. Thus the top plate of capacitor C₃ is then at potential V_(DD) while the top plate of C₄ (connected to node 14) is electrically floating because the base-emitter potential of the bipolar transistor T₁ then is zero and hence T₁ is then "off". The top plate of C₃ will thus be charged to a value q₃ = C₃ V_(DD). During this phase also, the potential V₁₄ at node 14 is not significantly different from the potential V_(R) at node 13 because of the high gain β of the difference amplifier A₁ which will not allow V₁₄ to differ very much from V_(R).

During the next succeeding phase, the first clock φ₁ turns "off" the devices M₁, M₃ and M₅, while the second clock φ₂ turns "on" the devices M₂ and M₄. Accordingly, node 17 between M₂ and M₁ is grounded while the top plate of C₂ (connected to nodes 15 and 16) is disconnected by M₅ from ground. Accordingly, the charge C₁ V₁ initially on C₁ distributes itself such that the charge on the top plate of C₂ becomes equal to q₂ where:

    q.sub.2 V.sub.1 C.sub.1 C.sub.2 /(C.sub.1 +C.sub.2).       (1)

Thus, the potential V₁₆ at node 16 (between C₁ and C₂) becomes equal to V₁₆ =q₂ /C₂ or:

    V.sub.16 =-V.sub.1 C.sub.1 /(C.sub.1 +C.sub.2).            (2)

Accordingly, a positive charge q₁ will flow through the transistor T₁ if V₁₂ is then more negative than V_(BE).th, the base-emitter threshold of T₁. This charge q₁ will flow from the emitter of T₁ to the node 16, and hence a charge αq₁ will be transferred from the top plate of C₄ at node 14 to the collector of T₁, where α denotes the collection efficiency of T₁ and ordinarily is nearly equal to unity. This charge αq₁ will thus be equal to

    αq.sub.1 =(V.sub.BE.th -V.sub.16)(C.sub.1 +C.sub.2)  (3)

so long as V₁₆ is more negative than V_(BE).th (because during this "on" phase of φ₂ the capacitors C₁ and C₂ are thus also in parallel, looking from node 16 to ground). Meanwhile, another charge q₄ is transferred into C₄ from C₃ through M₄, this charge being approximately of magnitude q₄ =C₃ (V_(CC) -V₁₄) since C₃ is much smaller than C₄. The voltage of node 14 is substantially equal to V_(R) because of the high gain of the amplifier A₁ and because of a resulting overall negative feedback through C₁ and T₁ back to A₁ ; therefore this charge q₃ is substantially equal to:

    q.sub.4 =C.sub.3 (V.sub.DD -V.sub.R).                      (4)

At equilibrium the voltage at node 14 remains unaffected by the transfer of charges αq₁ and q₄, so that αq₁ =q₄ ; that is, at equilibrium:

    α(V.sub.BE.th -V.sub.16)(C.sub.1 +C.sub.2)=C.sub.3 (V.sub.CC -V.sub.R).                                                (5)

Replacing V₁₆ by its value given by Equation 2:

    αV.sub.1 C.sub.1 +αV.sub.BE.th (C.sub.1 +C.sub.2)=C.sub.3 (V.sub.DD -V.sub.R),                                      (6)

at equilibrium. Solving for V₁, at equilibrium:

V₁ =V_(BE).th (C₁ +C₂)/C₁ +(V_(DD) -V_(R))C₃ /αC₁. (7)

Thus, the first voltage V₁ produced by the first network 10 tends to the equilibrium value given by Equation 7. On the other hand, the second voltage V₁ ' (FIG. 3) produced by the second network 10' (similar to the first network 10 except for different values of some or all respective parameters) will tend to:

    V.sub.1 '=V.sub.BE.th '(C.sub.1 '+C.sub.2 ')/C.sub.1 '+(V.sub.DD -V.sub.R ')C.sub.3 '/α'C.sub.1 '                             (8)

where the primed quantities denote elements in the second network 10' similarly situated and interconnected, respectively, as corresponding unprinted elements in the first network 10. The weighted difference amplifier 30 (FIG. 3) thus is provided, after equilibrium is established in both networks 10 and 10', with an input of V₁ at node 11 given by Equation 7 and an input of V₁ ' at node 11' given by Equation 8.

Clocked transistors M₁₀ and M₁₁ periodically discharged C₈ and C₉, respectively, in order to reset periodically the amplifier A_(F). The desired reference V_(REF) is provided at the output terminal of the amplifier A_(F) in accordance with the relationship:

    V.sub.REF =aV.sub.1 -bV.sub.1 '-V.sub.os                   (9)

where V_(os) is an offset voltage of the amplifier A_(F), and where

    a=C.sub.7 (C.sub.9 +C.sub.10)/C.sub.10 (C.sub.7 +C.sub.8)  (10)

and

    b=C.sub.9 /C.sub.10.                                       (11)

The offset V_(os) can be removed, if desired, by a variety of known offset cancellation techniques, such as charging an auxiliary capacitor to V_(os) during the "on" phases of transistor M₁₀ and M₁₁, and then connecting this capacitor in series between node 22 (between C₇ and C₈) and the positive input terminal of the amplifier A_(F).

It should be understood that the value of the parameters of the various elements in the first network 10 (FIG. 1) will, in general, be different from the corresponding elements in the network 10'; in particular, the base-emitter voltage of the bipolar transistor T₁ ' in the second network 10' should be at least slightly different from that of its counterpart bipolar transistor T₁ in the first network 10, as discussed more fully below. Of course, the various switching transistor device elements M₁ . . . M₅, and M₁ ' . . . M₅ ' can all have the same parameters. It should also be understood that the desired value of V_(REF) is present at the output terminal of the amplifier A_(F) only when the transistors M₁₀ and M₁₁ are "off", the output of A_(F) being equal to zero when these transistors are "on"; thus, for a steady (DC) output of V_(REF) known sample and hold techniques should be employed.

FIG. 4 shows a network 100 of the kind which can be used as an alternative to the network 10 or 10' (or preferably both) in the circuits of FIG. 3. This network 100 is similar to the network 10 except for added elements C₅, C₆, C_(SM), M₆, M₇, M₈ and M₉ and an added resistor 43--all instead of the voltage divider R in network 10--for supplying V_(R) to the negative input terminal (-) of the difference amplifier A₁. Accordingly, in the preferred embodiment, the network 100 replaces the network 10 in the circuit 30, while a network 100', constructed similarly to the network 100 except for the values of the parameters, likewise replaces the network 10'. The added elements C₅, C₆, C_(SM), M₆, M₇, M₈ and M₉ form a third voltage souce means in the network 100, in order to provide the voltage V_(R) to the negative input terminal of the amplifier A₁ independently of the value of V_(DD) and hence to avoid the dependence of the ultimate output V_(REF) (FIG. 3) upon the instantaneous value of V_(DD). An added resistor device 43 provides a convenient current from the V_(DD) supply to the node 14, in order to provide an initial ("start-up") voltage typically of the order of one-tenth microampere, eventually to provide an initial voltage at this the node 14, typically an initial voltage of about one volt or more, depending on the value of V₁ and the parameter of the circuit. In any event, the resistance of the device 43 is selected such that this device delivers a current equal to about only a few percent of the collector current of the transistor T₁ during operation.

The capacitor C_(SM) is placed in the network 100 for smoothing the input voltage V_(R) developed at an output terminal 42 of the third voltage means C₅, C₆, M₆, M₇, M₈ and M₉. This voltage V_(R) is supplied by charge division and hence voltage division (of V₁) by capacitors C₅ and C₆. More specifically, when φ₂ turns "on" the transistor M₆, the capacitor C₅ is charged to V₁ while the capacitor C₆ is discharged through the transistor M₉ to ground. Subsequently, when φ₁ turns "on" the transistors M₇ and M₈, the capacitors C₅ and C₆ are connected in parallel between ground and the negative input terminal of the difference amplifier A₁. Consequently, the voltage V_(R) supplied to this negative input terminal of A₁ is equal to:

    V.sub.R =V.sub.1 C.sub.5 /(C.sub.5 +C.sub.6).              (12)

In all other respects, i.e., except for the way in which V_(R) is generated, the network 100 operates in the same manner as discussed above in connection with the network 10. In the network 100, however, the voltage V₁ is given by the following variant of Equation 7 above:

    V.sub.1 =V.sub.BE.th (C.sub.1 +C.sub.2)/C.sub.1 +(V.sub.1 -V.sub.R)C.sub.3 /αC.sub.1.                                          (13)

Now, using the value of V_(R) found in Equation 12:

    V.sub.1 =V.sub.BE.th (C.sub.1 +C.sub.2)/C.sub.1 +V.sub.1 C.sub.6 C.sub.3 /αC.sub.1 (C.sub.5 +C.sub.6)

or:

    V.sub.1 =mV.sub.BE.th                                      (14)

with: ##EQU1## Similarly, for the network 10';

    V.sub.1 '=m'V.sub.BE.th '                                  (16)

with: ##EQU2##

On the other hand, V₁ and V₁ ' are functions of temperature, since the corresponding base-emitter threshold voltages V_(BE).th and V_(BE).th ' (in T₁ and T₁ ', in the networks 100 and 100') are themselves dependent on temperature. These base-emitter voltages are the same as the forward diode voltage drops of the respective base-emitter junctions and depend upon the respective current densities J and J', respectively, in the bipolar transistors T₁ and T₁ '. Accordingly, the calculations of the patent application Ser. No. 262,461, filed on May 11, 1981 by Y. P. Tsividis (Case 2) entitled "Temperature Stabilized Voltage Reference Circuit," Now U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,217, are applicable for selecting suitable parameters, particularly of the capacitances C₇, C₈, C₉ and C₁₀ for weighting the amplifier 30 (FIG. 3); except that (neglecting V_(os)) in the present case:

    V.sub.REF =aV.sub.1 -bV.sub.1 '=amV.sub.BE.th -bm'V.sub.BE.th '(18)

where a and b are the weighting factors given by Equations 10 and 11 above.

Now, the base-emitter thresholds V_(BE).th and V_(BE).th ' are functions of temperature and their values at room (operating) temperature are to be used in Equation 18. Accordingly, the conditions on am and bm' can be found in a similar manner as in the above-mentioned Tsividis patent application: ##EQU3## with:

    V.sub.REF =hV.sub.xo                                       (21)

where V_(xo) is the linearly extrapolated value from room temperature to absolute zero of V_(Be).th, and also that of V_(Be).th^('), which is the same extrapolated value as that of V_(Be).th. For silicon V_(xo) is equal to about 1.2 volts, although it may not be exactly the same to two decimal places as in the aforementioned Tsividis patent application, owing to the temperature-dependent current source therein. As further noted in that patent application, in order to achieve reasonable matching and semiconductor area economy, a and b should both be less than about a hundred.

As explained in the aforementioned Tsividis patent application, V_(BE).th and V_(Be).th ' are functions of temperature, V_(BE).th (T) and V_(BE).th ' (T). Extrapolating linearly the values of BE.th (T) and V_(BE).th ' (T) from T=T_(x) (with say, T_(x) =room temperature) to T=0° K., it is found that these linearly extrapolated values are equal to the same value denoted by V_(xo). The difference (V_(BE).th -V_(BE).th ') of the base-emitter voltages at room temperature of the transistors T₁ and T₁ ' in the networks 100 and 100' is obtained by using different current densities in those transistors T₁ and T₁ ': the higher the current density, the higher the base-emitter voltage in accordance with the relationship:

    V.sub.BE.th -V.sub.BE.th '=(kT/q) ln(J/J').                (22)

These current densities, J and J', are proportional to the collector-base charge transfer q₄ given by Equation 4 above for the network 10. For the network 100, this collector-base charge q₄ is given by:

    q.sub.4 =C.sub.3 (V.sub.1 -V.sub.R)=C.sub.3 V.sub.1 /(1+C.sub.5 /C.sub.6). (23)

Since the current density J in the transistor T₁ is proportional to q₄ and inversely proportional to the base-emitter junction area A in the transistor T₁, the base-emitter thresholds V_(BE).th and V_(BE).th ' can be made to differ, in accordance with Equation 22, by as much as a tenth of a volt or so, while further selecting C₁ =C₁ ', C_(4=C) ₄ ', C₅ =C₅ ', and C₆ =C₆ ', and while making the ratio (A'/A) of base-emitter junction areas of T₁ and T₁ ' significantly different from unity (but not more than about a hundred for reasonable device areas). Conversely, instead of this ratio for A/A', select A/A' equal to unity, and select suitable ratios for the capacitances or preferably select suitable values simultaneously for both junction area ratio and capacitance ratios to obtain minimum overall device area.

On the other hand, since V₁ is inherently less than V_(DD) (FIG. 1, and implicitly in FIG. 4 also), it follows from Equation 14 that m should be selected to be less than V_(DD) /V_(BE).th. Moreover, since V_(DD) is ordinarily equal to about 5 volts and V_(BE).th is equal to about 0.6 volts (to within about 0.1 volt at room temperature for reasonable current densities), it thus follows that m should be selected to be less than about 5/0.6=8. Similarly, m' should likewise be selected to be less than about 8. Setting m and m' to be equal to some convenient value (less than 8) imposes a condition (Equation 15) among the capacitors C₁, C₂, C₃, C₅ and C₆ and a condition (Equation 17) among C₁ ', C₂ ', C₃ ', C₅ ' and C₆ '; both of these conditions are easily satisfied, for example, by choosing the capacitors C₁ =C₂ =C₃ =C₅ =C₆ and C₁ '=C₂ '=C₃ '=C₅ '=C₆ ', in which case it follows from Equations 15 and 17 that m=4α/(2α-1) and that m'=4α'/(2α'-1), where α and α' (of transistors T₁ and T₁ ') are both approximately equal to unity; so that m and m' are then both approximately equal to 4.

As an illustrative example, to obtain a voltage reference V_(REF) of about 1.2 volts (less an offset V_(os), if any), according to Equation 21, we have h=1 since V_(xo) is also about 1.2 volts in silicon technology. Since both V_(BE).th and V_(BE).th ' are approximately 0.6 volt (to within about 0.1 for reasonable base-emitter junction areas in silicon), from the conditions that a should be less than about 100 and that m is equal to about 4, it follows from Equations 19 and 20 that V_(BE).th -V_(BE).th ' should be greater than about 0.6/4×100 or 0.0015 volt. Hence, ln(J/J') from Equation 22 should be greater than about 0.0015/0.026=0.06 at room temperature (about 300° K.); hence the base-emitter current density ratio itself (J/J') should be greater than about exp (0.06) or about 1.06 at room temperature. The required values of am and bm' can then be calculated from Equations 19 and 20; and finally a and b can be calculated for the given choice of m=m'=4.

Similarly, for a reference V_(REF) of about 6 volts, i.e., for the base h=5, the quantity (V_(BE).th^(-V) _(BE).th ') should be greater than about 5×0.6/4×100=0.0075, and ln(J/J') greater than about 0.0075/0.026=0.29 at room temperature; and hence (J/J') should be greater than about e⁰.29 or about 1.33 at room temperature.

All of the MOSFETs in the networks 10 or 100 and 30 can be N-channel transistor devices or alternatively P-channel devices. The entire voltage reference circuit 40 can thus be integrated in a single silicon body in accordance with ordinary semiconductor integrated circuit techniques.

Although the invention has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments, various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, φ₁ and φ₂ controlling M₃ and M₄ (FIGS. 1 or 4) can be interchanged and likewise M₇ and M₈ (FIG. 4) can be controlled by φ₂ while M₆ and M₉ are controlled by φ₁ ; also M₁ and M₁₁ can be controlled by φ₂ (or some other suitable periodic clock) instead of φ₁. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A network (10 or 100) comprising(a) a bipolar transistor (T₁); (b) first clocked voltage source means (C₁, C₂, M₁, M₂, M₅) having an input terminal (18) and an output terminal (15); (c) means for connecting the output terminal (15) of the first clocked means (C₁, C₂) to an emitter terminal of said transistor (T₁); (d) second clocked voltage source means (C₃, C₄, M₃, M₄) having an output terminal (14); (e) means for connecting the output terminal (14) of said second clocked means (C₃, C₄, M₃, M₄) to a collector terminal of said transistor (T₁); (f) a difference amplifier (A₁) having first (+) and second (-) input terminals of opposite polarity; (g) means for connecting said collector terminal of said transistor (T₁) to the first input terminal (+) of said difference amplifier (A₁); and (h) means for connecting an output terminal (12) of said difference amplifier (A₁) to the input terminal (18) of said first clocked means (C₁, C₂, M₁, M₂, M₅), the output terminal (12) of said difference amplifier (A₁) being connected to an output terminal (11) of said network (10 or 100).
 2. A network (100) according to claim 1 further comprising:third voltage source means (C₅, C₆, M₆, M₇, M₈, M₉) having an input terminal (41) thereof connected to the output terminal (12) of the difference amplifier and having an output terminal (42) thereof connected to the second input terminal (-) of said difference amplifier (A₁).
 3. A voltage reference circuit (40) comprising:(a) first and second networks (10 and 10' or 100 and 100') each in accordance with claim 1 or 2, said second network having a second network output terminal (11'); and (b) means for connecting the output terminals (11, 11') of the first and second networks separately to first and second input terminals (31, 32), respectively, of a weighted difference amplifier (A_(F), C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀).
 4. A voltage reference circuit (40) according to claim 3 in which the weighting factor a and b at least approximately satisfy: ##EQU4## where V_(BE).th and V_(BE).th ' are the room temperature base-emitter junction threshold voltages of the bipolar transistor (T₁, T₁ '), respectively, in the first and second networks, where V_(xo) is the linearly extrapolated value of the base-emitter threshold voltage of the first transistor (T₁) from room temperature to absolute zero, h is the ratio (V_(REF) /V_(xo)), m is the ratio (V₁ /V_(BE).th), and m' is the ratio (V₁ '/V_(Be).th ').
 5. An electrical network (10 or 100) comprising:(a) a bipolar transistor (T₁) having separate emitter, base, and collector terminals; (b) first clocked capacitor means (C₁, C₂), having an output terminal (15) thereof connected to said emitter terminal, for periodically delivering first electrical charges to said emitter terminal; (c) second clocked capacitor means (C₃, C₄), having an output terminal (14) thereof connected to said collector terminal, for periodically delivering second electrical charges to said collector terminal; (d) a difference amplifier (A₁) having an output terminal (12) connected to an input terminal (18) of said first clocked means (C₁, C₂) and having an input terminal of one polarity connected to said collector terminal; and (e) a network output terminal (11) connected to the output terminal (12) of said amplifier (A₁).
 6. A network (100) according to claim 5 further comprising:third means (C₆, C₇) having an output terminal (42) thereof connected to a second input terminal of the amplifier (A₁) of opposite polarity from that of the first input terminal thereof, for providing an input voltage (V_(R)) to said second input terminal of the amplifier (A₁).
 7. A network (100) according to claim 6 further comprising conductive means for connecting an input terminal (14) of said third clocked means (C₆, C₇) to the output terminal (12) of said amplifier (A₁).
 8. A voltage reference circuit (40) comprising:(a) first and second networks (10 and 10' or 100 and 100') each in accordance with claim 5, 6 or 7, said second network having a second network output terminal (11'); and (b) means for connecting the output terminals (11, 11') of the first and second networks separately to first and second input terminals (31, 32), respectively, of a weighted difference amplifier (30), whereby an output terminal of the weighted difference amplifiers during operation generates a voltage V_(REF) =aV₁ -bV₁ ', where a and b are weighting factors of said weighted difference amplifier (30).
 9. A voltage reference circuit (40) according to claim 8 in which the weighting factors a and b satisfy: ##EQU5## where V_(Be).th and V_(BE).th ' are the room temperature base-emitter junction threshold voltages of the bipolar transistors (T₁, T₁ ', respectively, in the first and second networks, where V_(xo) is the linearly extrapolated value of the base-emitter threshold voltage of the first transistor (T₁) from room temperature to absolute zero, h is the ratio (V_(REF) /V_(xo)), m is the ratio (V₁ /V_(BE).th), and m' is the ratio (V₁ '/V_(BE).th '). 